Artikkelit



Ensimmäisen näyn kehitys ja varhaisen mormonismin opetus Jumalasta

Sandra Tannerin muistiinpanoja 8.11.1998 Salt Lake Cityssä pidettyyn puheeseen

Peruskysymyksiä Joseph Smithin näystä:

  • Milloin se tapahtui — minä vuonna?
  • Missä Smithit asuivat — Palmyrassa vai Manchesterissä?
  • Miksi hän rukoili — johtuiko se herätysliikkeestä?
  • Kuka näyssä ilmestyi — Jumala, Jeesus vai enkeleitä?
  • Mitä hän sai tietää — Jumalan luonteen, että kaikki kirkot ovat vääriä, vai että hänen syntinsä ovat anteeksiannetut?
  • Milloin hän kertoi muille, ja millaisia olivat näiden reaktiot?

Tässä artikkelissa ei käsitellä kaikkia näistä aiheista. Ks. lopussa olevaa listaa lukemista varten.

Puhuessaan v. 1998 lokakuun yleiskonferenssissa presidentti Gordon B. Hinckley julisti:

Kysymys 1: Mikä on mormonien oppi jumaluudesta, Jumalasta?

Ensimmäisen näyn ajoista alkaen ihmiset ovat kysyneet tätä ja kysyvät sitä edelleen ja tulevat kysymään sitä niin kauan kuin he uskovat traditionsa Jumalaan, kun me puolestamme todistamme nykyajan ilmoituksen Jumalasta. ... Emme tunnusta Athanasioksen uskontunnusta. Emme tunnusta Nikean
uskontunnustusta emmekä mitään muuta perimätietoon tai ihmisten päätelmiin pohjautuvaa uskontunnustusta. Tunnustamme oppimme perustaksi profeetta Joseph Smithin toteamuksen, että rukoillessaan metsässä viisautta "valon levätessä päälläni minä näin kahden Persoonan, joiden hohdetta ja kirkkautta on mahdoton kuvata, seisovan yläpuolellani ilmassa. Toinen heistä puhutteli minua, kutsuen minua nimeltä, ja sanoi, toista osoittaen: Tämä on minun rakas Poikani. Kuule Häntä!" (KH J. S. Hist. 17.)

Hänen edessään oli kaksi todellista olentoa. Hän näki heidät. He olivat muodoltaan ihmisen kaltaisia ... He olivat lihaa ja luuta olevia olentoja ...

Myöhempien Aikojen Pyhien Jeesuksen Kristuksen Kirkon jäsenten usko perustuu kokonaan tämän suurenmoisen ensimmäisen näyn todenperäisyyteen. ... Ei mikään, mille perustamme oppimme, ei mikään, mitä opetamme, ei mikään, minkä mukaan elämme, ole tärkeämpää kuin tämä ensimmäinen julistus. Esitän, että jos Joseph Smith puhui Isä Jumalan ja Hänen rakkaan Poikansa kanssa, niin kaikki muu, mitä hän puhui, on totta. Tämä on sarana, jonka varassa pelastuksen ja iankaikkisen elämän polulle johtava portti avautuu. (Ensign Marraskuu 1998, ss.70-71, myös netissä.)

Hinckleyn lausunnosta huolimatta kirkon muistiinpanot osoittavat, että ensimmäinen näky seisoo horjuvalla pohjalla. Tarina näystä ja mormonien oppi Jumalasta ovat jatkuvasti kehittyneet. MAP-kirkon nykyinen mielipide ei ole sama kuin v. 1830 tai 1835.

1820

Joseph Smith claimed, according to his 1842 published history, that due to a revival in the neighborhood he went into the woods to pray and asked God which church to join. Supposedly, two heavenly beings appeared and told him that all of the churches were wrong. From this time forward he supposedly understood and taught that God and Jesus each had a physical body and were totally separate deities.

However, many problems surface when the documents are studied. For one thing, there is no historical evidence that such a revival happened that year in his town. This is documented in Inventing Mormonism. He later claimed that he received severe persecution during his early years for stating he had this vision yet there is no published mention of this vision by either Mormons or non-Mormons until 1840. Also, there is no evidence he told people between 1820 and 1838 that he had actually seen God in this vision. There is no evidence that he was teaching that God and Jesus were totally separate deities with bodies prior to 1838.

1830

Mormonin kirja opettaa, että Isä, Poika ja Pyhä Henki ovat yksi Jumala (2 Nefi 31:21; Mormon 7:7; Moosia 15:1-5; 3 Nefi 11:27)1

  • Isä ja Poika ovat sama persoona (Eter 3:14)
  • Alkulehdillä sanotaan: "... että juutalaiset ja pakanat saisivat varmuuden siitä, että JEESUS on KRISTUS, IANKAIKKINEN JUMALA, joka ilmoittaa itsensä kaikille kansoille."
  • Jumala on henki (Alma 18:26-28; 22:8-11), missään ei opeteta, että Jumalalla olisi fyysinen ruumis.
  • Modalismi — Mormonin kirja opettaa yhden jumalan kolmesta muodosta tai ilmiasusta.2

KH Mooseksen kirja — luomiskertomus; Jumala ja Kristus.

Smithin Innoitettu raamatunversio muutti jakeita niin, että isästä ja pojasta tuli yksi (eli Luukas 10:22 on muutettu jakeeksi 10:23: "kukaan ihminen ei tiedä, että Poika on Isä, ja että Isä on Poika, ei kukaan paitsi se, jolle Poika ilmaisee sen.").3

1832

Smith's first draft of his history. Only Jesus was mentioned as appearing. (See The Personal Writings of Joseph Smith, compiled by Dean Jessee, Deseret Book, 1984, pp. 5-6. Also in An American Prophet’s Record, edited by Scott Faulring, Signature Books, 1989, p.5 and Early Mormon Documents, vol.1.)

Written in Joseph Smith's own hand.

Smith started serious study of the scriptures at age 12

Determined all churches were wrong

No mention of a revival

At age 15 (in his 16th year) he went into the grove and had a vision of the Saviour

His sins were forgiven. He reverted back to old ways

At age 17 he again prayed and an angel appeared telling him about the plates and announced he was forgiven of his sins.

Smith dictated Sec. 84 of the D.&C. stating that no man can see the face of God without the priesthood.

1834

Oliver Cowdery julkaisi Joseph Smithin avustamana ensimmäisen kertomuksen mormonismin historiasta kirkon omassa lehdessä Messenger and Advocate. Kirtlandissä, Ohiossa, jouluk. 1834, vk.1, no.3.

  • Hän aloitti Smithin kertomuksen tarinalla enkelistä, joka ilmestyi hänen makuuhuoneessaan v. 1823. Sivulla 42 Cowdery aloitti kertomuksen siitä kun Smith oli neljäntoista, viidennellätoista ikävuodellaan ja kertoi alueella tapahtuneesta herätysliikkeestä. Hän mainitsi metodistikirkkoon kuuluneen herra Lanen suuren herätystliikkeen osanottajana. Suuria joukkoja liittyi metodistisiin, presbyteerisiin ja baptistisiin kirkkoihin. Tämän herätysliikkeen aikana Smithin äiti, yksi sisar ja kaksi veljeä liittyivät presbyteereihin.
  • Sivulla 78 Cowdery korjasi Smithin iän sanoen, että hän olisikin ollut seitsemännellätoista (eli kuudentoista) eikä viidennellätoista (eli neljäntoista) vuodellaan, ja sijoitti tapahtumat vuoteen 1823.
  • Herätysliikkeen aikana Smith rukoili saadakseen tietää "onko jokin Ylin olento olemassa, saadakseni vakuutuksen, että hän hyväksyy minut."
  • Hänen rukoukseensa vastattiin 21.9.1823, kun "sanansaattaja" ilmestyi hänelle hänen makuuhuoneessaan "tuomaan erityisen sanoman, ja todistamaan hänelle, että hänen syntinsä olivat anteeksiannetut, ja että hänen rukouksensa oli kuultu..."
  • Cowderyn selostuksessa ei ollut mitään mainintaa näystä, joka olisi edeltänyt Smithin makuuhuoneessa ilmestynyttä enkeliä.

1835

Opin ja liittojen kirjan painokseen sisältyvien Luentoja uskosta-osion luennossa nro. 5 ei Jumalaa kuvata olentona, jolla on fyysinen ruumis. "Isä on henkipersoona, ... Poika ... on ruumiillinen persoona."

Binitaarinen** oppi. Jumaluuteen kuuluu kaksi olentoa. Pyhä Henki on Jumalan mieli.

Joseph kertoi ensimmäisestä näystään kahdelle eri miehelle. Molempien kertomusten mukaan ilmestyi enkeleitä, mutta ei puhuta Jumalasta eikä Jeesuksesta.

9.11.1835 kertomus (Personal Writings of Joseph Smith, ss.75-76, also An American Prophet’s Record, s.51. Tämä kertomus on poistettu kirkon omasta julkaisusta History of the Church, osa 2, s. 304)

  • Smith kertoi tarinansa juutalaiselle
  • Hän ei tiennyt, mikä kirkko opetti totuutta
  • Ei mainintaa herätysliikkeestä
  • Hän meni metsikköön rukoilemaan
  • Ilmestyi kaksi persoonaa, joista toinen "todisti minulle, että Jeesus Kristus on Jumalan Poika."
  • Hän näki näyssään "monia enkeleitä".
  • 17 vuoden iässä hän sai "toisen enkelinäyn" yksi näistä kertoi hänelle levyistä.

14.11.1835 kertomus (Personal Writings of Joseph Smith, s. 84, myös An American Prophet’s Record, s. 59) Smith kertoi tarinansa eräälle Erastus Holmesille:

  • "...I received the first visitation of Angels which was when I was about 14. years old..."
  • Later received the vision regarding the plates

This same account was later printed in the Deseret News, May 29, 1852. This entry has been changed in the History of the Church, Vol. 2, p. 312. It now reads "my first vision" instead of "visitation of angels."

Various articles that attacked Joseph Smith's claims never raised the issue of the first vision or that he claimed to see God. "Campbell and others before 1835 objected principally to claims of authority, modern revelation, miracles, and communitarianism but not to the doctrines of God and man." (Sunstone, July/Aug. 1980, p.27)

Smith began studying Hebrew. This eventually impacted his teaching on Elohim and plural gods.3

1837

Changes relating to the godhead were made in the second edition of the Book of Mormon. The phrase "the son of " was added to several verses to distinguish between the Father and Son. (i.e. 1 Nephi 11:18, 21, 32 and 1 Nephi 13:40)

1838

Joseph ryhtyi kirjoittamaan historiaansa, mutta sitä ei julkaistu ennen kuin vuonna 1842.

1840

Orson Pratt julkaisi pamfletin A[n] Interesting Account of Several Remarkable Visions Skotlannissa v. 1840. Hänen mukaansa Smith rukoili metsikössä ollessaan "noin neljäntoista tai viidentoista vuoden vanha", ja hänelle ilmestyi "kaksi loistavaa persoonaa". Mutta tekstissä ei tunnisteta näitä erityisesti Isäksi ja/tai Pojaksi.

1842

The letter to John Wentworth, March 1, 1842 Account (Personal Writings, p.213). Also printed in Times and Seasons, Nauvoo, Ill., March 1, 1842, vol.3, no.9, pp.706-710.

At about 14 Smith started wondering which church was right.

Went into the grove to pray.

"Two glorious personages" appeared and informed him that none of the churches "was acknowledged of God."

He was told not to join any of them but wait for further revelation.

In 1823 an angel appeared to tell him about the plates

Smith published his 1838-39 account in the Times and Seasons, Nauvoo, Ill., March 15, 1842, vol.3, no.10, pp.727-728; pp.748-749; pp.753.

When he was in his 15th year (age 14) his mother, sister, and two brothers joined the Presbyterian Church due to a revival in the neighborhood. The revival started with the Methodists and soon spread to the Presbyterians and Baptists.

Joseph went into the grove to ask God which church to join "for at this time it had never entered my heart that all were wrong." Two beings appeared. One spoke, pointed to the other being and said "This is my beloved Son, hear him."

He was told to join none of the churches "for they were all wrong...all their creeds were an abomination in his sight;..."

On Sept. 21st, 1823 he again prayed and the angel "Nephi" appeared to him to tell him of the plates ("Nephi" was later changed to "Moroni" in the History of the Church, Vol. 1, p.11).

Joseph wrote a prayer in 1842 referring to the Father as Jehovah and Elohim.2

Current Mormonism teaches that Jehovah is Christ and Elohim is the Father.

Tritheism-belief in three gods.2

Smith printed the Book of Abraham in the Times and Seasons. The creation story is told as the work of a council of gods.

1843

Smith dictated section 130 of the Doctrine and Covenants, which taught that God and Jesus both have bodies but not the Holy Ghost.

If Joseph Smith had actually been teaching since 1820 that God had a body why did he need this revelation?

Smith's temple ritual was introduced. Elohim, Jehovah and Michael were depicted as creators. But these terms were not necessarily interpreted the same as Mormonism uses them today.3

1844

Smith wrote a chapter on Mormonism for the book, An Original History of the Religious Denominations at Present Existing in the United States, edited by Daniel Rupp. But he did not state that he saw God and Christ in the vision: "I retired to a secret place, and began to call upon the Lord. ...two personages, who exactly resembled each other in features and likeness, surrounded with a brilliant light, which eclipsed the sun at noonday. They told me that all the religious denominations were believing in incorrect doctrines,..." (p.404-405)

Smith gave sermons in April and June on the plurality of gods. (History of the Church, Vol.6)

1845

Lucy Smith started her autobiography. Her preliminary draft had nothing about Joseph having a vision in 1820. The only event she mentions for Joseph at this time was that someone took a shot at him. She recounted that during the third harvest (1823) the family discussed the contentions of the various churches. That night "an angel" appeared to Joseph "I perceive that you are enquiring in your mind which is the true church[,] there is not a true church on Earth[,]"

(See Early Mormon Documents, vol.1, p. 289-290)

1852

Brigham Young preached his first Adam-God sermon. Young held to this doctrine the rest of his life, dying in 1877. Some of the brethren continued to believe the Adam-God doctrine for years afterward.4

1853

Lucy Smith's family history was printed. She did not personally recount anything concerning an 1820 vision. Instead, she simply inserted Joseph's account from the Times and Seasons.

1854

Speaking at conference April 6, 1854, Apostle Orson Hyde stated:

"Some one may say, 'If this work of the last days be true, why did not the Saviour come himself to communicate this intelligence to the world?' Because to the angels was committed the power of reaping the earth, and it was committed to none else. (Journal of Discourses, Vol. 6, p.335)

1855

LDS President Brigham Young taught on Feb. 18, 1855: "...so it was in the advent of this new dispensation....The messenger did not come to an eminent divine...The Lord did not come with the armies of heaven,...But He did send His angel to this same obscure person, Joseph Smith jun., who afterwards became a Prophet, Seer, and Revelator, and informed him that he should not join any of the religious sects of the day,..." ( Journal of Discourses, vol.2, p.171)

A few days later Apostle Wilford Woodruff preached: "That same organization and Gospel that Christ died for, and the Apostles spilled their blood to vindicate, is again established in this generation. How did it come? By the ministering of an holy angel from God,... The angel taught Joseph Smith those principles which are necessary for the salvation of the world;... He told him the Gospel was not among men, and that there was not a true organization of His kingdom in the world,... This man to whom the angel appeared obeyed the Gospel;..." (Journal of Discourses, Vol.2, pp.196-197)

1857

LDS Apostle Heber C. Kimball, speaking Nov. 8th, 1857, seemed to be oblivious to any vision where Smith saw God and Christ: "Do you suppose that God in person called upon Joseph Smith, our Prophet? God called upon him; but God did not come himself and call, but he sent Peter to do it. Do you not see? He sent Peter and sent Moroni to Joseph, and told him that he had got the plates." (Journal of Discourses, vol.6, p.29)

1860

John Hyde, a former Mormon, is a good example of the confusion regarding who appeared to Smith. In his book, Mormonism: Its Leaders and Designs, p.199, he related: "1820...April....He [Joseph] asserts that God the Father and Jesus Christ came to him from the heavens." However, on p.240 he states "Joseph Smith, born in 1805, sees an angel in 1820, who tells him his sins are forgiven."

1863

Apostle John Taylor explained in a sermon March 1, 1863: "How did this state of things called Mormonism originate? We read that an angel came down and revealed himself to Joseph Smith and manifested unto him in vision the true position of the world in a religious point of view." (Journal of Discourses, Vol. 10, p.127)

LDS Apostle George A. Smith, Nov. 15th, 1863, preached: "When Joseph Smith was about fourteen or fifteen years old,...he went humbly before the Lord and inquired of Him, and the Lord answered his prayer, and revealed to Joseph, by the ministration of angels, the true condition of the religious world. When the holy angel appeared, Joseph inquired which of all these denominations was right and which he should join, and was told they were all wrong,..." (Journal of Discourses, Vol.12, pp.333-334)

1864

One year later, November 15, 1864, Apostle Smith seemed to be discribing the vision in a more traditional way:

"When the Lord appeared to Joseph Smith and manifested unto him a knowledge pertaining to the coming forth of the Book of Mormon and the work of the last days, Satan came also with his power...He [Joseph] thus describes the incident: "In the spring of 1820, ...I saw a pillar of light...I saw two personages...'This is my beloved son, hear him.' ...just at the time that God was revealing unto his servant Joseph to raise up men to bear testimony of the principles of the Gospel...Satan was at work stirring up the hearts of the children of men..." (Journal of Discourses, Vol. 11, pp.1-2)

1869

Five years later Apostle Smith again referred to Smith's first vision: "He sought the Lord by day and by night, and was enlightened by the vision of an holy angel. When this personage appeared to him, of his first inquiries was, 'Which of the denominations of Christians in the vicinity was right?' " (Journal of Discourses, Vol. 13, p.77-78 June 20, 1869 )

Speaking on Dec. 19, 1869, Orson Pratt taught: "By and by an obscure individual, a young man, rose up, and, in the midst of all Christendom, proclaimed the startling news that God had sent an angel to him;... This young man, some four years afterwards, was visited again by a holy angel." (Journal of Discourses, Vol.13, pp.65-66)

1871

On March 19 Orson Pratt preached: "He went out to pray, being then a little over fourteen years of age, ...He saw in this light two glorious personages, one of whom spoke to him, pointing to the other, saying, 'This is my beloved Son, hear ye him.' ...When these persons interrogated him to know what he desired, he answered and said, 'Lord show me which is the true church.' He was then informed by one of these personages that there was no true church upon the face of the whole earth;... The vision withdrew; the personages attending and the light withdrew. ... he knew that God had manifested himself to him;..." (Journal of Discourses, Vol. 14, pp.140-141)

Although Orson Pratt's sermon on March 19, 1871 could be interpreted as either angels or God, his sermon on Dec. 10 of that year clearly identified the messengers as angels: "Here was Joseph Smith, a boy, ...he was only between fourteen and fifteen years of age....Would he stand forth and bear testimony that he had seen with his own eyes a messenger of light and glory, and that he heard the words of his mouth as they dropped from his lips and had received a message from the Most High, at that early age? And then...to have the finger of scorn pointed at him, ...'No visions in our day, no angels come in our day,...' and still continue to testify, ...that God had sent his angel from heaven." (Journal of Discourses, Vol. 14, p.262)

1874

Speaking June 23rd, 1874, President Brigham Young still seemed to be identifying the personages as messengers rather than God and Christ: "Do we believe that the Lord sent his messengers to Joseph Smith, and commanded him to refrain from joining any Christian church, and to refrain from the wickedness he saw in the churches, and finally delivered to him a message informing him that the Lord was about to establish his kingdom on the earth, and led him on step by step until he gave him the revelation concerning the plates? Yes, this is all correct." (Journal of Discourses, vol.18, p.239)

Later that year, on Sept. 20, 1874, Orson Pratt preached: "Joseph Smith, ...was a boy about fourteen years of age at the time the Lord first revealed himself in a very marvelous manner to him. ...he saw nothing excepting the light and two glorious personages standing before him in the midst of this light. One of these personages, pointing to the other, said--'Behold my beloved Son, hear ye him.. After this, power was given to Mr. Smith to speak, and in answer to an inquiry by the Lord as to what he desired, he said that he desired to know which was the true Church,...immediately after receiving it, he began to relate it to some of his nearest friends, and he was told by some of the ministers who came to him to enquire about it, that there was no such thing as the visitation of heavenly messengers, that God gave no new revelation...he knew that he had seen this light, that he had beheld these two personages, and that he had heard the voice of one of them;...and he continued to testify that God had made himself manifest to him;..." (Journal of Discourses, Vol. 17, pp.278-280)

1876

LDS Apostle John Taylor, speaking December 31, 1876, identified the personages as follows: "...the Father and the Son appeared to him, arrayed in glory,...'This is my beloved Son, in whom I am well pleased...'" (Journal of Discourses, Vol. 18:pp.325-326)

1879

LDS Apostle John Taylor, speaking on March 2, 1879, identifies the personages as angels: "...Joseph asked the angel which of the sects was right...the angel merely told him to join none of them..." (Journal of Discourses, Vol.20, p.167)

However, later the same day, he declared that the Father and Son appeared to Joseph:""When the Father and the Son and Moroni and others came to Joseph Smith, he had a priesthood conferred upon him..." (Journal of Discourses, Vol. 20, p.257)

On December 7, 1879 Taylor declared: "the Lord revealed himself to him together with his Son Jesus, and, pointing to the latter, said; 'This is my beloved Son, hear him.'" (Journal of Discourses, Vol. 21, p. 160).

1880

John Taylor preached on January 4, 1880: "...the Lord appeared unto Joseph Smith, both the Father and the Son, the Father pointing to the Son said, 'this is my beloved Son...'" (Journal of Discourses Vol.21, p.65)

Orson Pratt gave his most specific identification of the personages in his sermon Sept. 18, 1880: "...in the spring of 1820, before Joseph Smith was of the age of fifteen....in answer to his prayers, there was the manifestation of two of the great personages in the heavens--not angels, not messengers, but two persons that hold the keys of authority over all the creations of the universe. Who were they? God the Eternal Father and his Son Jesus Christ,...he heard the glorious words that proceeded from the Father, as he pointed to his Son and said, to Joseph, 'This is my beloved Son in whom I am well pleased.' This was a new revelation;..." (Journal of Discourses, Vol. 21, p.308)

1882

Apostle George Q. Cannon, on Oct. 29, 1882, seemed to start Joseph's call with the vision of Moroni. He did mention that Joseph saw Jesus and God but did not put those experiences in the framework of the first vision: "He [Joseph] was visited constantly by angels; and the Son of God Himself condescended to come and minister unto him, the Father having also shown Himself unto him; and these various angels, the heads of dispensations, having also ministered unto him. Moroni, in the beginning, as you know, to prepare him for his mission, came and ministered and talked to him from time to time,..." (Journal of Discourses, Vol. 23, p.362)

1883

William Smith, Joseph's brother, remembered the vision as happening in 1823. He wrote that Joseph went into the woods to pray about which church to join: "An angel then appeared to him...He told him that none of the sects were right;..." (William Smith on Mormonism, by William Smith, 1883, Herald Steam Book, Iowa, pp.5-10, as printed on New Mormon Studies CD-ROM.)

1884

Apostle George Teasdale understood the first vision to be "a vision of the Father and the Son." (Journal of Discourses, Vol. 25, p.13 & 18)

Speaking on January 28, 1884, B.H. Roberts related: "In the Spring of 1820, Joseph Smith,...was praying in the woods to the Father,,... He saw a pillar of light descending from heaven...In the midst of this glorious light stood two personages:... 'This is my beloved son; hear ye him.'--...for the Father had revealed the Son to him." (Journal of Discourses, Vol. 25, p. 138)

1888

LDS assistant Church Historian Andrew Jenson still had the understanding that the first vision was one of angels. He published an account of the first vision in the paper The Historical Record, Jan. 1888, pp.353-357. This account is taken from the Times and Seasons account with Jenson's comments summarizing the experience, "The angel again forbade Joseph to join any of these churches, ..." Jenson then reverted to Smith's narrative, "Many other things did he (the angel) say unto me which I cannot write at this time." Note that Jenson adds the clarifying words "the angel."

When Jenson's paper was reprinted a couple of years later this account had been changed in two places. At the spots where he identified the being as an "angel" it was changed to "the Holy Being" and "the Christ."

Thus we see that the details of the first vision vary in the different accounts. Early LDS leaders usually thought of the vision as one of angels, not God. They did not appeal to the first vision to establish their teaching that God has a body.

Kirjallisuusviitteet

  1. New Approaches to the Book of Mormon, edited by Brent Metcalfe, Signature Books, chapter 4.
  2. Line Upon Line, edited by Gary Bergera, Signature Books, chapter 3, 1989.
  3. Line Upon Line, chapter 4.
  4. "The Adam-God Doctrine," by David John Buerger, Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought, Spring 1982.

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